Skill Descriptor: Describe energy transfer during reactions and physical changes.

Global Competencies: CM, CTPS

Achievement Indicators:

• Apply thermochemistry vocabulary and differentiate between:
  • Endothermic changes, exothermic changes, system (open, closed, isolated) and surroundings
  • Heat, temperature, and specific heat capacity
• Interconvert between heat, specific heat capacity, temperature change, and mass by using the specific heat capacity formula.
• Describe energy in the form of heat transfer between two objects quantitatively and qualitatively (First Law of Thermodynamics).

Skill Descriptor: Predict products of and amount of energy associated with chemical reactions using enthalpy.

Global Competencies: CM, CTPS

Achievement Indicators:

• Apply thermochemistry vocabulary and differentiate between enthalpy, bonding (energy, types), heat of reaction, and molar enthalpy.
• Explain enthalpy change in thermochemical equations.
• Identify exothermic and endothermic processes from the sign of ΔH, from thermochemical equations, and from labeled enthalpy / potential energy diagrams.
• Label enthalpy diagrams given either the ΔH for a process or a thermochemical equation.
• Apply stoichiometry to thermochemical equations, including the quantity of energy exchanged, given ΔH.

Skill Descriptor: Predict and verify energy changes in chemical reactions using experimental enthalpy data.

Global Competencies: CM, CTPS

Achievement Indicators:

• Apply thermochemistry vocabulary and differentiate between calorimetry, enthalpy of physical changes, and chemical reactions.
• Calculate and compare the energy involving physical changes and chemical reactions:
  • Heat gained or lost from systems using thermochemical equations
  • Apply the First Law of Thermodynamics in calorimetry using the relationship Δ q (system) = -Δ q (surroundings)
• Compare and contrast physical and chemical bonds broken and formed and magnitude of energy changes involved.
• Determine experimental changes in energy of various chemical reactions using calorimetry.
• Compare physical and chemical changes in terms of the chemical species and the magnitude of energy changes involved.
• Propose alternative solutions to solving energy problems and identify the potential strengths and weaknesses of each solution.
• Explain in simple terms the energy changes of bond breaking and bond formation.

Skill Descriptor: Determine factors that influence the rates of change in a chemical reaction to predict reactions.

Global Competencies: CM, CTPS

Achievement Indicators:

• Apply kinetics vocabulary and differentiate between catalyst, activation energy, activated complex / transition state, reaction rate, and forward / reverse reactions.
• Investigate Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT).
• Investigate Collision Reaction Theory.
• Identify and discuss properties and situations in which rate of reaction is a factor.
• Identify and discuss factors that affect rate of reaction and how these can be controlled.
• Interpret, draw, and label potential energy diagrams for exothermic and endothermic reactions including activation energy, activated complex, transition state, ΔH, reactants, and products.
• Describe a reaction mechanism and catalyst’s role in chemical reactions.
• Define reaction mechanism as a series of elementary reactions.
• Write overall reaction equations from reaction mechanisms.

Skill Descriptor: Describe chemical equilibrium qualitatively and quantitatively.

Global Competencies: CM, CTPS

Achievement Indicators:

• Define chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constant, reaction quotient (Q), and write equilibrium constant expressions (Kc), e.g., dynamic equilibrium, reversible reactions.
• Explain and apply Le Châtelier’s Principle.
• Predict the favourability of reactant or products in reversible reactions based on the magnitude of the equilibrium constant.
• Determine concentrations or equilibrium constants by using Initial-Change-Equilibrium (I-C-E) charts.

Skill Descriptor: Outline characteristics to classify aqueous acids and bases and their properties.

Global Competencies: CM, CTPS

Achievement Indicators:

• Review acid and base IUPAC and classical naming.
• Describe acids and bases in terms of Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry definitions.
• Define and provide examples of Brønsted-Lowry acid and bases.
• Define conjugate acid-base pairs.
• Define and provide examples of strong and weak electrolytes (acids and bases).
• Predict products of acid-base reactions.

Skill Descriptor: Describe the properties of acids and bases based on the component ions.

Global Competencies: CM, CTPS

Achievement Indicators:

• Explain and write the equation for the self-ionization of water including Kw expression.
• Define pH and pOH.
• Interconvert between pH, pOH, [H⁺], [OH^–].
• Interconvert between Ka, Kb, percent dissociation, and concentration.
• Describe interactions between H⁺ ions and OH^– ions using Le Châtelier’s principle.
• Predict qualitative shifts in acid-base equilibrium using Le Châtelier’s principle.

Skill Descriptor: Describe acid / base equilibria.

Global Competencies: CM, CTPS

Achievement Indicators:

• Compare strong and weak acids and bases using the concept of equilibrium.
• Calculate pH, pOH, [H+], [OH-], Ka, Kb, percent dissociation, concentration from empirical data.
• Define percent dissociation, Ka, and Kb qualitatively and relate their values to acid and base strength.
• Identify the values of pH and pOH associated with acidic and basic solutions.
• Calculate pH, pOH, [H+], [OH-], Ka, Kb, percent dissociation, concentration for weak acid and bases using ICE charts.

Skill Descriptor: Apply experimental data to determine acid / base concentrations.

Global Competencies: CM, CTPS

Achievement Indicators:

• Predict products of acid-base reactions.
• Determine the concentration of acid or base solutions using stoichiometry.
• Explain how acid-base indicators function.
• Differentiate between the terms endpoint and equivalence point.
• Choose appropriate indicators for acid-base titrations.
• Graph given or collected data from titration experiments.
• Sketch and interpret shapes of titration curves (strong acid/strong base, strong acid/weak base, weak acid/strong base).
• Interpret data from titration curves to determine concentrations of solutions.

Skill Descriptor: Classify hydrocarbons using naming conventions and rules to determine molecular and structural formulas and predict physical and chemical properties.

Global Competencies: CM, CTPS

Achievement Indicators:

• Compare organic and inorganic compounds based on their chemical and physical properties, e.g., in terms of the presence of carbon, variety of compounds formed, and relative molecular size and mass.
• Outline IUPAC naming rules:
  • Carbon prefixes 1-10
  • Parent groups (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cyclic hydrocarbons, benzene)
  • Simple alkyl branches
• Apply the IUPAC naming system, write molecular formulas (expanded and condensed), and draw structural, condensed structural, and line structural formulas for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons (straight chain, branched chain, cyclic, and benzene).
• Classify aliphatic hydrocarbons as belonging to the family of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and cyclics based on names and structural formulas.
• Define and provide naturally occurring and synthesized examples of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons including how they are used by society.

Skill Descriptor: Explain why the same hydrocarbon molecular formula can have different properties.

Global Competencies: CM, CTPS

Achievement Indicators:

• Define and draw structural isomers with the general formulas C_nH_2n+2, C_nH_2n, and C_nH_2n–2.
• Define and draw geometric isomers (cis and trans) for alkenes.
• Name and draw structural formulas using concrete and/or digital models to build isomers.
• Identify where different isomers occur and/or how they are used by society.

Skill Descriptor: Classify hydrocarbon derivatives using naming conventions and rules to predict their chemical and physical properties and uses.

Global Competencies: CM, CTPS

Achievement Indicators:

• Define functional group.
• Classify various organic compounds by determining to which families they belong based on names or structures.
• Classify, name, and draw hydrocarbon derivatives as belonging to the family of alkyl halides, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters based on their names and the functional groups in their structural formulas.
• Draw bonds and use concrete and/or digital molecular models to represent aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives.
• Identify chemical and biological processes that utilize hydrocarbons and their derivatives.

Skill Descriptor: Model lab skills and safety practices.

Global Competencies: CM, CTPS, CL

Achievement Indicators:

• Perform guided experiments identifying and controlling major variables:
  • Thermochemistry
  • Equilibrium
  • Kinetics
  • Organic chemistry
  • Titration
• Model behaviours that will keep self and others safe in learning contexts.
• Research chemical Safety Data Sheets prior to use including safety directions.
• Collect data using instruments effectively and accurately (technique).
• Demonstrate an understanding of, handling, and disposal of materials according to WHMIS 2015 standards (Global Harmonized System).
• Identify when to use and model safe use of Personal Protective Equipment.
• Safely use equipment and materials as directed by the supplier or in accordance with the manufacturer specification or manual including hazards connected with the use, handling, storage, disposal and transport of any tool, equipment, machine, device, or chemical agent.
• Apply Système International units, unit conversions, and significant digits in computations as appropriate.
• Identify evidence that may indicate a chemical change has occurred.
• Identify and explain sources of experimentation error (gross, systematic, uncertainty/random).
• Interpret patterns and trends in data and infer or calculate relationships among variables in laboratory experiments.
• Interpret chemical systems by compiling, organize, and communicating laboratory data and selecting appropriate formats and data representations.

Skill Descriptor: Explore chemistry applications and careers.

Global Competencies: CM, CTPS, SASM

Achievement Indicators:

• Research African innovation in chemistry.
• Compare Wabanaki and Western views of the natural world including how chemistry and knowledge of matter is carried through story.
• Compare Svante Arrhenius, Johannes Brønsted, Thomas Lowry, and the development of acid-base theories.
• Explain how synthesizing organic molecules established organic chemistry.
• Describe the importance of multiple perspectives and peer review in scientific decision making and the development of thermochemistry and organic chemistry.
• Explore chemistry-based careers in Canada based on own interests.
• Share how skills and concepts learned in chemistry may be transferable in a career path.