In the elementary block, mathematics learning extends and integrates early numeracy concepts. Instruction should be designed with the learner at the centre and provide rich and relevant opportunities to experience mathematics through direct instruction, inquiry and experiential learning. Having high expectations for all, holding each learner in the highest regard and creating safe learning spaces that support productive struggle are vital components that foster positive dispositions and develop confident, capable mathematicians. Mathematics classrooms that use manipulatives and tools invite all learners to develop deep conceptual understanding. Learners make sense of the math and refine their own ideas by sharing their thinking with peers and using precise mathematical language. Encouraging learners to ask questions, make predictions and explain their thinking develops reasoning and problem-solving skills and activates them as learning resources for one another.